Can several entities jointly qualify to be a “sophisticated investor”?
A ‘sophisticated investor’ is a person certified by a “qualified accountant” to have a prescribed level of net assets or gross income.
You may ask why someone would want to be a ‘sophisticated investor’. Fundamentally because investment product providers do not then have to provide the investor with the usual disclosure documents (e.g. prospectus or product disclosure statement) which therefore allows the investor to access so-called ‘wholesale products’ which are perceived by the market to be more attractive investments.
To be eligible for the certificate, the investor must have
- a gross income of $250,000 or more per year in each of the previous two years; or
- net assets of at least $2.5 million
Note that these levels have not changed since the law was first introduced in 2001.
Twenty years on, the levels are achievable by a considerably greater proportion of the investor population than applied originally.
The measure of net assets can include the net assets of the investor plus the net assets of a company or trust controlled by that investor.
Control is defined in the Act which has the effect that a person controls a company or a trust if that person has the capacity to determine the outcome of decisions about the company’s or trust’s financial and operating policies. The practical influence the person can exert (rather than the rights it can enforce) are the important thing and in this regard any previous practice or pattern of behaviour must be taken into account.
Self-managed superannuation funds can be sophisticated investors according to the 2014 ASIC media release. A discretionary trust can also be a sophisticated investor.
Consider this: Tess has non-super assets in the amount of $1.5 million and her husband James’ non-super assets total $850,000. They are both members of their family SMSF. The total assets of the SMSF are $600,000.
Tess and James are both directors and equal shareholders of the corporate trustee of the fund.
According to the eligibility requirements, Tess and James are individually below the required level of qualification as a sophisticated investor because neither meets the net assets qualifying amount of $2,500,000.
Because they each have equal votes at the board of the trustee and at a meeting of the shareholders of that company neither ‘controls’ the SMSF and therefore the fund’s assets cannot be counted.
But Tess and James together do control the fund. Can Tess and James jointly be the investor and count the SMSF’s assets? Alternatively, what if Tess, James and the SMSF could band together as a joint investor in which case the total assets of all three could be counted?
Section 23 of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth) states that in Commonwealth legislation (which the Corporations Act is) the singular includes the plural and vice versa. Therefore, the reference in s.708(8)(c) to “the person to whom the offer is made” can include more than one ‘person’.
It is open to argue that multiple ‘persons’ constituting the offeree could jointly be eligible for denomination as a ‘sophisticated investor’ and the totality of their assets could be counted.
Tess and James together or Tess, James and the SMSF jointly could therefore be ‘the person to whom the offer is made.’
There would appear to be no legislative requirement for any proportionality for the tests to operate in the context of a joint offeree so there are no requirements that the sharing of the investment be in any particular proportion, provided that all entities own some of the investment offered.
Careful consideration would need to be given when involving a fund in a joint ownership with a member to ensure all self-managed superannuation compliance tests are met, including particularly the sole purpose test. The investment by the fund would have to accord with the fund’s investment strategy also.
So far there appears to have been no regulatory or judicial pronouncement on this multiple offeree arrangement so no guarantee of success can be given at this point.
For further information, please call Townsends Business & Corporate Lawyers on 02 8296 6222 or email info@townsendslaw.com.au